A History of the Growth of the Steam-EngineA second engine (Fig. 61) was built for this road, at the West Point Foundery, from plans furnished by Horatio Allen, and was received and set at work early in the spring of 1831. The engine, called the "West Point," had a horizontal tubular boiler, but was in other respects very similar to the "Best Friend." It is said to have done very good work.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 61.--The "West Point," 1831.]
The Mohawk & Hudson Railroad ordered an engine at about this time, also, of the West Point Foundery, and the trials, made in July and August, 1831, proved thoroughly successful.
This engine, the "De Witt Clinton," was contracted for by John B.
Jervis, and fitted up by David Matthew. It had two steam-cylinders, each 5-1/2 inches in diameter and 16 inches stroke of piston. The connecting-rods were directly attached to a cranked axle, and turned four coupled wheels 4-1/2 feet in diameter. These wheels had cast-iron hubs and wrought-iron spokes and tires. The tubes were of copper, 2-1/2 inches in diameter and 6 feet long. The engine weighed 3-1/2 tons, and hauled 5 cars at the rate of 30 miles an hour.
Another engine, the "South Carolina" (Fig. 62), was designed by Horatio Allen for the South Carolina Railroad, and completed late in the year 1831. This was the first eight-wheeled engine, and the prototype, also, of a peculiar and lately-revived form of engine.
In the summer of 1832, an engine built by Messrs. Davis & Gartner, of York, Pa., was put on the Baltimore & Ohio road, which at times attained a speed, unloaded, of 30 miles an hour. The engine weighed 3-1/2 tons, and drew, usually, 4 cars, weighing altogether 14 tons, from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills, a distance of 13 miles, in the schedule-time, one hour.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 62.--The "South Carolina," 1831.]
Horatio Allen's engine on the South Carolina Railroad is said to have been the first eight-wheeled engine ever built.
It was at about the time of which we are now writing that the first locomotive was built of what is now distinctively known as the American type--an engine with a "truck" or "bogie" under the forward end of the boiler. This was the "American" No. 1, built at the West Point Foundery, from plans furnished by John B. Jervis, Chief Engineer, for the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad. Ross Winans had already (1831) introduced the pa.s.senger-car with swiveling trucks.[56] It was completed in August, 1832, and is said by Mr. Matthew to have been an extremely fast and smooth-running engine. A mile a minute was repeatedly attained, and it is stated by the same authority,[57] that a speed of 80 miles an hour was sometimes made over a single mile.
This engine had cylinders 9-1/2 inches diameter, 16 inches stroke of piston, two pairs of driving-wheels, coupled, 5 feet in diameter each; and the truck had four 33-inch wheels. The boiler contained tubes 3 inches in diameter, and its fire-box was 5 feet long and 2 feet 10 inches wide. Robert Stephenson & Co. subsequently built a similar engine, from the plans of Mr. Jervis, and for the same road. It was set at work in 1833. In both engines the driving-wheels were behind the fire-box. This engine is another ill.u.s.tration of the fact--shown by the description already given of other and earlier engines--that the independence of the American mechanic, and the boldness and self-confidence which have to the present time distinguished him, were among the earliest of the fruits of our political independence and freedom.
[56] "History of the First Locomotives in America," Brown.
[57] "Ross Winans _vs._ The Eastern Railroad Company--Evidence."
Boston, 1854.
These American engines were all designed to burn anthracite coal. The English locomotives all burned bituminous coal.
Robert L. Stevens, the President and Engineer of the Camden & Amboy Railroad, and a distinguished son of Colonel John Stevens, of Hoboken, was engaged, at the time of the opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railroad, in the construction of the Camden & Amboy Railroad. It was here that the first of the now standard form of _T_-rail was laid down. It was of malleable iron, and of the form shown in the accompanying figure. It was designed by Mr. Stevens, and is known in the United States as the "Stevens" rail. In Europe, where it was introduced some years afterward, it is sometimes called the "Vignolles" rail. He purchased an engine of the Stephensons soon after the trial at Rainhill, and this engine, the "John Bull," was set up on the then uncompleted road at Bordentown, in the year 1831. Its first public trial was made in November of that year. The road was opened for traffic, from end to end, two years later. This engine had steam-cylinders 9 inches in diameter, 2 feet stroke of piston, one pair of drivers 4-1/2 feet in diameter, and weighed 10 tons. This engine, and that built by Phineas Davis for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, were exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, in the year 1876.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 63.--The "Stevens" Rail. Enlarged Section.]
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 64.--"Old Ironsides," 1832.]
Engines supplied to the Camden & Amboy Railroad subsequent to 1831 were built from the designs of Robert L. Stevens, in the shop of the Messrs. Stevens, at Hoboken. The other princ.i.p.al roads of the country, at first, very generally purchased their engines of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, then a small shop owned by Matthias W. Baldwin.
Baldwin's first engine was a little model built for Peale's Museum, to ill.u.s.trate to the visitors of that then well-known place of entertainment the character of the new motor, the success of which, at Rainhill, had just then excited the attention of the world. This was in 1831, and the successful working of this little model led to his receiving an order for an engine from the Philadelphia & Germantown Railroad. Mr. Baldwin, after studying the new engine of the Camden & Amboy road, made his plans, and built an engine (Fig. 64), completing it in the autumn of 1832, and setting it in operation November 23d of that year. It was kept at work on that line of road for a period of 20 years or more. This engine was of Stephenson's "Planet" cla.s.s, mounted on two driving-wheels 4-1/2 feet in diameter each, and two separate wheels of the same size, uncoupled. The steam-cylinders were 9-1/2 inches in diameter, 18 inches stroke of piston, and were placed horizontally on each side of the smoke-box.
The boiler, 2-1/2 feet in diameter, contained 72 copper tubes 1-1/2 inches in diameter and 7 feet long. The engine cost the railroad company $3,500. On the trial, steam was raised in 20 minutes, and the maximum speed noted was 28 miles an hour. The engine subsequently attained a speed of over 30 miles. In 1834, Mr. Baldwin completed for Mr. E. L. Miller, of Charleston, a six-wheeled engine, the "E. L.
Miller" (Fig. 65), with cylinders 10 inches in diameter and 16 inches stroke of piston. He made the boiler of this engine of a form which remained standard many years, with a high dome over the fire-box. At about the same time, he built the "Lancaster," an engine resembling the "Miller," for the State road to Columbia, and several others were soon contracted for and built. By the end of 1834, 5 engines had been built by him, and the construction of locomotive-engines had become one of the leading and most promising industries of the United States.
Mr. William Norris established a shop in Philadelphia in 1832, which he gradually enlarged until it, like the Baldwin Works, became a large establishment. He usually built a six-wheeled engine, with a leading-truck or bogie, and placed his driving-wheels in front of the fire-box.
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 65.--The "E. L. Miller," 1834.]
At this time the English locomotives were built to carry 60 pounds of steam. The American builders adopted pressures of 120 to 130 pounds per square inch, the now generally standard pressures throughout the world. In the years 1836 and 1837, Baldwin built 80 engines. They were of three cla.s.ses: 1st, with cylinders 12-1/2 inches in diameter and of 16 inches stroke, weighing 12 tons; 2d, with cylinders 12 by 16, and a weight of 10-1/2 tons; and 3d, engines weighing 9 tons, and having steam-cylinders of 10-1/2 inches diameter and of the same stroke. The driving-wheels were usually 4-1/2 feet in diameter, and the cylinder "inside-connected" to cranked axles. A few "outside-connected" engines were made, this plan becoming generally adopted at a later period.
The railroads of the United States were very soon supplied with locomotive-engines built in America. In the year 1836, William Norris, who had two years before purchased the interest of Colonel Stephen H.
Long, an army-officer who patented and built locomotives of his own design, built the "George Washington," and set it at work. This engine, weighing 14,400 pounds, drew 19,200 pounds up an incline 2,800 feet long, rising 369 feet to the mile, at the speed of 15-1/2 miles an hour. This showed an adhesion not far from one-third the weight on the driving-wheels. This was considered a very wonderful performance, and it produced such an impression at the time, that several copies of the "George Washington" were made, on orders from British railroads, and the result was the establishment of the reputation of the locomotive-engine builders of the United States upon a foundation which has never since failed them. The engine had Jervis's forward-truck, now always seen under standard engines, which had already been placed under railroad-cars by Ross Winans.
In New England, the Locks & Ca.n.a.ls Company, of Lowell, began building engines as early as 1834, copying the Stephenson engine. Hinckley & Drury, of Boston, commenced building an outside-connected engine in 1840, and their successors, the Boston Locomotive Works, became the largest manufacturing establishment of the kind in New England. Two years later, Ross Winans, the Baltimore builder, introduced some of his engines upon Eastern railroads, fitting them with upright boilers, and burning anthracite coal.
The changes which have been outlined produced the now typical American locomotive. It was necessarily given such form that it would work safely and efficiently on rough, ill-ballasted, and often sharply-winding tracks; and thus it soon became evident that the two pairs of coupled driving-wheels, carrying two-thirds the weight of the whole engine, the forward-truck, and the system of "equalizing"
suspension-bars, by which the weight is distributed fairly among all the wheels, whatever the position of the engine, or whatever the irregularity of the track, made it the very best of all known types of locomotive for the railroads of a new country. Experience has shown it equally excellent on the smoothest and best of roads. The "cow-catcher," placed in front to remove obstacles from the track, the bell, and the heavy whistle, are characteristics of the American engine also. The severity of winter-storms compelled the adoption of the "cab," or house, and the use of wood for fuel led to the invention of the "spark-arrester" for that cla.s.s of engines. The heavy grades on many roads led to the use of the "sand-box," from which sand was sprinkled on the track, to prevent the slipping of the wheels.
In the year 1836, the now standard chilled wheel was introduced for cars and trucks; the single eccentric, which had been, until then, used on Baldwin engines, was displaced by the double eccentric, with hooks in place of the link; and, a year later, the iron frame took the place of the previously-used wooden frame on all engines.
The year 1837 introduced a period of great depression in all branches of industry, which continued until the year 1840, or later, and seriously checked all kinds of manufacturing, including the building of locomotives. On the revival of business, numbers of new locomotive-works were started, and in these establishments originated many new types of engine, each of the more successful of which was adapted to some peculiar set of conditions. This variety of type is still seen on nearly all of the princ.i.p.al roads.
The direction of change in the construction of locomotive-engines at the period at which this division of the subject terminates is very well indicated in a letter from Robert Stephenson to Robert L.
Stevens, dated 1833, which is now preserved at the Stevens Inst.i.tute of Technology. He writes: "I am sorry that the feeling in the United States in favor of light railways is so general. In England we are making every succeeding railway stronger and more substantial." He adds: "Small engines are losing ground, and large ones are daily demonstrating that powerful engines are the most economical." He gives a sketch of his latest engine, weighing _nine tons_, and capable, as he states, of "taking 100 tons, gross load, at the rate of 16 or 17 miles an hour on a level." To-day there are engines built weighing 70 tons, and our locomotive-builders have standard sizes guaranteed to draw over 2,000 tons on a good and level track.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
CHAPTER V.
_THE MODERN STEAM-ENGINE._
"Voila la plus merveilleuse de toutes les Machines; le Mecanisme ressemble a celui des animaux. La chaleur est le principe de son mouvement; il se fait dans ses differens tuyaux une circulation, comme celle du sang dans les veines, ayant des valvules qui s'ouvrent et se ferment a propos; elles se nourrit, s'evacue d'elle meme dans les temps regles, et tire de son travail tout ce qu'il lui faut pour subsister. Cette Machine a pris sa naissance en Angleterre, et toutes les Machines a feu qu'on a construites ailleurs que dans la Grande Bretagne ont ete executees par des Anglais."--BELIDOR.
THE SECOND PERIOD OF APPLICATION--1800-1850 (CONTINUED). THE STEAM-ENGINE APPLIED TO SHIP-PROPULSION.
Among the most obviously important and most inconceivably fruitful of all the applications of steam which marked the period we are now studying, is that of the steam-engine to the propulsion of vessels.
This direction of application has been that which has, from the earliest period in the history of the steam-engine, attracted the attention of the political economist and the historian, as well as the mechanician, whenever a new improvement, or the revival of an old device, has awakened a faint conception of the possibilities attendant upon the introduction of a machine capable of making so great a force available. The realization of the hopes, the prophecies, and the aspirations of earlier times, in the modern marine steam-engine, may be justly regarded as the greatest of all the triumphs of mechanical engineering. Although, as has already been stated, attempts were made at a very early period to effect this application of steam-power, they were not successful, and the steamship is a product of the present century. No such attempts were commercially successful until after the time of Newcomen and Watt, and at the commencement of the nineteenth century. It is, indeed, but a few years since the pa.s.sage across the Atlantic was frequently made in sailing-vessels, and the dangers, the discomforts, and the irregularities of their trips were most serious.
Now, hardly a day pa.s.ses that does not see several large and powerful steamers leaving the ports of New York and Liverpool to make the same voyages, and their pa.s.sages are made with such regularity and safety, that travelers can antic.i.p.ate with confidence the time of their arrival at the termination of their voyage to a day, and can cross with safety and with comparative comfort even amid the storms of winter. Yet all that we to-day see of the extent and the efficiency of steam-navigation has been the work of the present century, and it may well excite our wonder and our admiration.
The history of this development of the use of steam-power ill.u.s.trates most perfectly that process of growth of this invention which has been already referred to; and we can here trace it, step by step, from the earliest and rudest devices up to those most recent and most perfect designs which represent the most successful existing types of the heat-engine--whether considered with reference to its design and construction, or as the highest application of known scientific principles--that have yet been seen in even the present advanced state of the mechanic arts.
The paddle-wheel was used as a subst.i.tute for oars at a very early date, and a description of paddle-wheels applied to vessels, curiously ill.u.s.trated by a large wood-cut, may be found in the work of Fammelli, "De l'artificioses machines," published in old French in 1588.
Clark[58] quotes from Ogilby's edition of the "Odyssey" a stanza which reads like a prophecy, and almost awakens a belief that the great poet had a knowledge of steam-vessels in those early times--a thousand years before the Christian era. The prince thus addresses Ulysses:
[58] "Steam and the Steam-Engine."
"We use nor Helm nor Helms-man. Our tall ships Have Souls, and plow with Reason up the deeps; All cities, Countries know, and where they list, Through billows glide, veiled in obscuring Mist; Nor fear they Rocks, nor Dangers on the way."
Pope's translation[59] furnishes the following rendering of Homer's prophecy:
[59] "Odyssey," Book VIII., p. 175.
"So shalt thou instant reach the realm a.s.signed, In wondrous ships, self-moved, instinct with mind;
Though clouds and darkness veil the enc.u.mbered sky, Fearless, through darkness and through clouds they fly.
Though tempests rage, though rolls the swelling main, The seas may roll, the tempests swell in vain; E'en the stern G.o.d that o'er the waves presides, Safe as they pa.s.s and safe repa.s.s the tide, With fury burns; while, careless, they convey Promiscuous every guest to every bay."
It is stated that the Roman army under Claudius Caudex was taken across to Sicily in boats propelled by paddle-wheels turned by oxen.
Vulturius gives pictures of such vessels.
This application of the force of steam was very possibly antic.i.p.ated 600 years ago by Roger Bacon, the learned Franciscan monk, who, in an age of ignorance and intellectual torpor, wrote: