Acetylene, the Principles of Its Generation and Use(_e_) No valves or pet-c.o.c.ks opening into the room from the gas- holding part or parts, the draining of which will allow an escape of gas, are permitted, and condensation from all parts of the apparatus must be automatically removed without the use of valves or mechanical working parts.
Such valves and pet-c.o.c.ks are not essential; their presence increases the possibility of leakage. The automatic removal of condensation from the apparatus is essential to the safe working of the machine.
U-traps opening into the room from the gas-holding parts must not be used for removal of condensation. All sealed drip connexions must be so arranged as to discharge gas to the blow-off when blown out, and the seals must be self-restoring upon relief of abnormal pressure.
(_f_) The apparatus must be capable of withstanding fire from outside causes.
Sheet-metal joints must be double-seamed or riveted and thoroughly sweated with solder. Pipes must be attached to sheet-metal with lock-nuts or riveted f.l.a.n.g.es.
This prohibits the use of wood or of joints relying entirely upon solder.
(_g_) Gauge gla.s.ses, the breakage of which would allow the escape of gas, must not be used.
(_h_) The use of mercury seals is prohibited.
Mercury has been found unreliable as a seal in acetylene apparatus.(_i_) Combustible oils must not be used in connexion with the apparatus.
(_j_) The construction must be such that liquid seals shall not become thickened by the deposit of lime or other foreign matter.
(_k_) The apparatus must be constructed so that accidental siphoning of water will be impossible.
(_l_) Flexible tubing, swing joints, unions, springs, mechanical check-valves, chains, pulleys, stuffing-boxes and lead or fusible piping must not be used on acetylene apparatus except where failure of such parts will not vitally affect the working or safety of the machine.
Floats must not be used excepting in cases where failure will result only in rendering the machine inoperative.
(_m_) Every machine must be plainly marked with the maximum number of lights it is designed to supply, the amount of carbide necessary for a single charge, the manufacturer's name and the name of the machine.
16. GENERATING CHAMBERS.--(_a_) Must be constructed of galvanised iron or steel not less than No. 24 U.S. Standard gauge in thickness for capacities up to and including 20 gallons, not less than No. 22 U.S.
Standard gauge for capacities between 20 and 75 gallons, and not less than No. 20 U.S. Standard gauge for capacities in excess of 75 gallons.
(_b_) Must each be connected with the gasholder in such a manner that they will, at all times, give open connexion either to the gasholder or to the blow-off pipe to the outer air.
This prevents dangerous pressure within or the escape of gas from the generating chamber.
(_c_) Must be so constructed that not more than 5 pounds of carbide can be acted upon at once, in machines which apply water in small quant.i.ties to the carbide.
This tends to reduce the danger of overheating and excessive after- generation by providing for division of the carbide charges in machines of this type.
(_d_) Must be provided with covers having secure fastenings to hold them properly in place and those relying on a water-seal must be submerged in at least 12 inches of water. Water-seal chambers for covers depending on a water-seal must be 1-1/2 inches wide and 15 inches deep, excepting those depending upon the filling of the seal chambers for the generation of gas, where 9 inches will be sufficient.
(_e_) Must be so designed that the residuum will not clog or affect the working of the machine and can conveniently be handled and removed.
(_f_) Must be provided with suitable vent connexions to the blow-off pipe so that residuum may be removed and the generating water replaced without causing siphoning or introducing air to the gasholder upon recharging.
This applies to machines of the carbide-feed type.
(_g_) Feed mechanism for machines of the carbide-feed type must be so designed that the direct fall of carbide from the carbide holder into the water of the generator is prevented at all positions of the feed mechanisms; or, when actuated by the rise and fall of a gas-bell, must be so arranged that the feed-valve will not remain open after the landing of the bell, and so that the feed valve remains inoperative as long as the filling opening on the carbide hopper remains open. Feed mechanisms must always be far enough above the water-level to prevent clogging from the acc.u.mulation of damp lime. For this purpose the distance should be not less than 10 inches.
17. CARBIDE CHAMBERS.--(_a_) Must be constructed of galvanised iron or steel not less than No. 24 U.S. Standard gauge in thickness for capacities up to and including 50 pounds and not less than No. 22 U.S.
Standard gauge for capacities in excess of 50 pounds.
(_b_) Must have sufficient carbide capacity to supply the full number of burners continuously and automatically during the maximum lighting period.
This rule removes the necessity of recharging or attending to the machine at improper hours. Burners almost invariably require more than their rated consumption of gas, and carbide is not of staple purity, and there should therefore be an a.s.surance of sufficient quant.i.ty to last as long as light is needed. Another important consideration is that in some establishments burners are called upon for a much longer period of lighting than in others, requiring a generator of greater gas-producing capacity. Machines having several generating chambers must automatically begin generation in each upon exhaustion of the preceding chamber.
(_c_) Must be arranged so that the carbide holders or charges may be easily and entirely removed in case of necessity.
18. GASHOLDERS.--(_a_) Must be constructed of galvanised iron or steel not less than No. 24 U.S. Standard gauge in thickness for capacities up to and including 20 gallons, not less than No. 22 U.S.
Standard gauge for capacities between 20 and 75 gallons, and not less than No. 20 U.S. Standard gauge for capacities in excess of 75 gallons.
Gas-bells, if used, may be two gauges lighter than holders.
Condensation chambers, if placed under holders, to be of same gauge as holders.
(_b_) Must be of sufficient capacity to contain all gas generated after all lights have been extinguished.
If the holder is too small and blows off frequently after the lights are extinguished there is a waste of gas. This may suggest improper working of the apparatus and encourage tampering.
(_c_) Must, when constructed on the gasometer principle, be so arranged that when the gas-bell is filled to its maximum with gas at normal pressure its lip or lower edge will extend at least 9 inches below the inner water-level.
(_d_) Must, when constructed on the gasometer principle, have the dimensions of the tank portion so related to those of the bell that a pressure of at least 11 inches will be necessary before gas can be forced from the holder.
(_e_) The bell portion of a gasholder constructed on the gasometer principle must be provided with a substantial guide to its upward movement, preferably in the centre of the holder, carrying a stop acting to chock the bell 1 inch above the normal blow-off point.
This tends to insure the proper action of the bell and decreases the liability of escaping gas.
(_f_) A s.p.a.ce of at least three-quarters of an inch must be allowed between the sides of the tank and the bell.
(_g_) All water-seals must be so arranged that the water-level may be readily seen and maintained.
19. WATER-SUPPLY.--(_a_) The supply of water to the generator for generating purposes must not be taken from the water-seal of any gasholder constructed on the gasometer principle, unless the feed mechanism is so arranged that the water-seals provided for in Rules 18, (_c_), (_d_), and (_e_) may be retained under all conditions. This provides for the proper level of water in the gasholder.
(_b_) In cases where machines of the carbide-feed type are supplied with water from city water-mains or house-pipes, the pipe connexion must discharge into the regularly provided filling trap on the generator and not through a separate continuous connexion leading into the generating chamber.
This is to prevent the expulsion of explosive mixtures through the filling trap in refilling.
20. RELIEFS OR SAFETY BLOW-OFFS.--(_a_) Must in all cases be provided, and must afford free vent to the outer air for any over- production of gas, and also afford relief in case of abnormal pressure in the machine.
Both the above-mentioned vents may be connected, with the same escape- pipe.
(_b_) Must be of at least 3/4-inch internal diameter and be provided with suitable means for connecting to the pipe loading outside of the building.
(_c_) Must be constructed without valves or other mechanical working parts.
(_d_) Apparatus requiring pressure regulators must be provided with an additional approved safety blow-off attachment located between the pressure regulator and the service-pipes and discharging to the outer air.
This is intended to prevent the possibility of undue pressure in the service-pipes due to failure of the pressure regulator.
21. PRESSURES.--(_a_) The working pressure at the generator must not vary more than ten-tenths (1) inch water column under all conditions of carbide charge and feed, and between the limits of no load and 50 per cent. overload.